Te maimoatanga o te wai para kei roto he waikawa
Ko te wai para waikawa he wai para he iti iho i te 6 te pH. E ai ki ngā momo me ngā kukū o ngā waikawa, ka taea te wehewehe i te wai para waikawa ki ngā wai para waikawa kore-waro me te wai para waikawa waro. Wai para waikawa kaha me te wai para waikawa ngoikore; Wai para waikawa monoacid me te wai para waikawa polyacid; Wai para waikawa iti te kukū me te wai para waikawa nui te kukū. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te wai para waikawa, i tua atu i te whai waikawa, he maha tonu ngā wā kei roto hoki ngā iona konganuku taumaha me ō rātou tote me ētahi atu matū kino. Ka ahu mai te wai para waikawa i te whānuitanga o ngā pūtake, tae atu ki te rerenga wai maina, te hydrometallurgy, te hurihuri maitai, te maimoatanga waikawa mata o te maitai me ngā konganuku kore-ferrous, te ahumahi matū, te hanga waikawa, ngā tae, te hikohiko, te whakakikorua hiko, ngā muka horihori me ētahi atu rāngai ahumahi. Ko te wai para waikawa noa ko te wai para waikawa whanariki, ā, muri iho ko te wai para waikawa hauwaiora me te waikawa hauota. I ia tau, tata ki te tuku a Haina i te tata ki te kotahi miriona mita kūpiko o te para waikawa ahumahi, ki te tukuna tika ēnei wai para me te kore maimoatanga, ka waikura ngā paipa, ka kino ngā hua, ka kino ngā ika, ka kino ngā kaipuke, ka whakangaro hoki i te hauora taiao. Me tukatuka te wai para waikawa ahumahi kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa tukunga ā-motu i mua i te tukunga, ka taea te hangarua me te whakamahi anō i te wai para waikawa. I te wā e tukatukahia ai te waikawa para, ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga ko te maimoatanga tote, te tikanga kukū, te tikanga whakakore matū, te tikanga tango, te tikanga kapia whakawhiti katote, te tikanga wehenga kiriuhi, me ētahi atu.
1. te hangarua i te tote
Ko te mea e kiia nei ko te tango tote ko te whakamahi i te nui o te wai tote kua mākū hei whakapūtā i te nuinga o ngā poke rauropi i roto i te waikawa para. Heoi, ka puta mai i tēnei tikanga te waikawa hauwaiora, ā, ka pā ki te whakaora me te whakamahinga o te waikawa whanariki i roto i te waikawa para, nō reira i rangahaua te tikanga tango tote i ngā poke rauropi i roto i te waikawa para me te otinga kua mākū te konutai bisulphate.
Kei roto i te waikawa para te waikawa whanariki me ngā poke rauropi maha, ko te nuinga he iti noa iho o te waikawa 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic me ngā momo isomers ehara i te waikawa 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic i hangaia e te toluene i roto i te tukanga sulfonation, chlorination me te nitrification. Ko te tikanga tote-waho ko te whakamahi i te nui o te wai tote kua mākū hei whakarewa i te nuinga o ngā poke rauropi i roto i te waikawa para. Ko te tikanga hangarua tote-waho e kore e taea anake te tango i ngā poke rauropi maha i roto i te waikawa para, engari ka taea hoki te whakahoki mai i te waikawa whanariki hei whakauru ki te hanga huringa, ka penapena utu me te pūngao.
2. Tikanga tunu
Ka whakamahia te tikanga tunu ki te waikawa pūngoi pēnei i te waikawa hauwaiora, ka wehea mai i te wairewa mā te tunu hei whakatutuki i te pānga whakaora.
3. Tikanga whakakore matū
Ko te tauhohenga waikawa-pūtake taketake o te H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O he pūtake nui hoki mō te maimoatanga o te wai para waikawa. Ko ngā tikanga noa mō te maimoatanga o te wai para waikawa ko te whakakore me te hangarua, te whakakore tahi i te wai para waikawa-pūtake, te whakakore rongoā, te whakakore tātari, me ētahi atu. I ngā rā tōmua o ētahi umanga rino me te maitai i Haina, ko te nuinga o rātou i whakamahi i te tikanga whakakore waikawa-pūtake hei maimoatanga i te wai para o te waikawa hauwaiora me te waikawa whanariki, kia eke ai te uara pH ki te paerewa tukunga. Ko te konutai kāponāte (punga houra), te konutai hauwaiora, te kōhatu papa, te raima rānei hei rauemi mata mō te whakakore waikawa-pūtake, he iti te utu mō te whakamahinga whānui, he ngāwari ki te hanga raima.
4. Tikanga tango
Ko te tango wai-wai, e mōhiotia ana ko te tango whakarewa, he mahi wāhanga e whakamahi ana i te rerekētanga o te wairewatanga o ngā wāhanga o te wai mata i roto i te whakarewa tika hei whakatutuki i te wehenga. I roto i te maimoatanga o te wai para kei roto he waikawa, me tino hono te wai para kei roto he waikawa me te whakarewa rauropi, kia taea ai te whakawhiti i ngā poke o te waikawa para ki te whakarewa. Ko ngā whakaritenga tango ko: (1) he koretake te waikawa para, kāore e tauhohe matū ki te waikawa para, ā, kāore e rewa ki roto i te waikawa para; (2) He nui te tauwehenga o ngā poke o te waikawa para i roto i te tango me te waikawa whanariki; (3) He iti te utu, ā, he ngāwari ki te tiki; (4) He ngāwari ki te wehe mai i ngā poke, he iti te ngaronga i te wā e tangohia ana. Ko ngā tango noa ko te benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), ngā phenols (creosote diphenol mata), ngā hauwaiwaro halogenated (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether me te N-503.
5. tikanga kapia whakawhiti katote
Ko te mātāpono taketake o te rongoā i ngā wai para waikawa waro mā te whakamahi i te kapia whakawhiti katote, ka taea e ētahi kapia whakawhiti katote te mimiti i ngā waikawa waro mai i te otinga waikawa para, ā, ka tangohia ngā waikawa inorganic me ngā tote konganuku hei whakatutuki i te wehenga o ngā waikawa me ngā tote rerekē.
6. tikanga wehenga kiriuhi
Mō ngā wai para waikawa, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā tikanga maimoatanga membrane pēnei i te dialysis me te electrodialysis. Ko te whakaora membrane o te waikawa para e whakamahi ana i te kaupapa dialysis, e ahu mai ana i te rerekētanga kukū. Ko te taputapu katoa he mea hanga mai i te membrane dialysis horapa, te pereti tohatoha wai, te pereti whakapakari, te anga pereti rere wai, me ētahi atu, ā, ka tutuki te pānga wehenga mā te wehewehe i ngā matū i roto i te wai para.
7. tikanga whakatioata whakamatao
Ko te tikanga whakamatao tioata he tikanga hei whakaiti i te pāmahana o te wairewa me te whakapūpū i te matū whakarewa. I roto i te tukanga maimoatanga waikawa para, ka whakamahia te tikanga hei whakamatao i ngā poke o te waikawa para kia whakahokia mai ai te wairewa waikawa e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi anō. Hei tauira, ko te waikawa whanariki para i tukuna mai i te tukanga horoi acyl o te mira hurihuri he nui te nui o te ferrous sulfate, ka tukatukahia mā te tukanga kukū-tioata me te tātari. I muri i te tango i te ferrous sulfate mā te tātari, ka taea te whakahoki i te waikawa ki te tukanga whakakoi maitai hei whakamahi tonu.
He maha ngā whakamahinga ahumahi o te whakatiotanga whakamatao, e whakaaturia ana i konei e te tukanga whakakīkī i roto i te tukatuka whakarewa. I roto i te tukanga maitai me te tukatuka miihini, he mea noa te whakamahi i te otinga waikawa whanariki hei tango i te waikura i runga i te mata whakarewa. Nō reira, mā te hangarua i ngā waikawa para ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu me te tiaki i te taiao. Ka whakamahia te whakatiotanga whakamatao i roto i te ahumahi hei whakatutuki i tēnei tukanga.
8. Tikanga whakahāora
Kua roa tēnei tikanga e whakamahia ana, ā, ko te kaupapa matua he wawahi i ngā poke waro i roto i te waikawa whanariki para mā te whakamahi i ngā matū whakahāwea i raro i ngā tikanga tika, kia taea ai te huri hei hauhā waro, hei wai, hei hauota waikura, me ētahi atu, ka wehea mai i te waikawa whanariki, kia taea ai te pure me te whakaora i te waikawa whanariki para. Ko ngā matū whakahāwea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te hauwai peroxide, te waikawa hauota, te waikawa perchloric, te waikawa hypochlorous, te nitrate, te ozone me ētahi atu. He painga me he ngoikoretanga o ia matū whakahāwea.