Ko te pai ake o te pahuka, ko te pai ake o te kaha ki te whakakore i te poke?
E hia tā tātou e mōhio ana mō ngā hua horoi pahuka e whakamahia ana e tātou i ia rā? Kua whakaaro kē tātou: he aha te mahi a te pahuka i roto i ngā taputapu horoi wharepaku?
He aha tātou ka whiriwhiri ai i ngā hua pahuka?
Mā te whakatairite me te whakarōpū, ka taea e tātou te tātari wawe i te kaiwhakaoho mata he pai te kaha ki te pahuka, me te whiwhi hoki i te ture pahuka o te kaiwhakaoho mata: (ps: Nā te mea he rite tonu te rauemi mata mai i ngā kaihanga rerekē, he rerekē hoki te mahi pahuka, whakamahia ngā reta matua rerekē hei tohu i ngā rauemi mata rerekē.ngā kaihanga)
①I roto i ngā surfactants, he kaha te kaha o te konutai lauryl glutamate ki te pahuka, ā, he ngoikore te kaha o te disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate ki te pahuka.
② He kaha te kaha o te nuinga o ngā surfactants sulfate, ngā surfactants amphoteric me ngā surfactants kore-ionic ki te whakau i te pahuka, engari he ngoikore te kaha o ngā surfactants waikawa amino ki te whakau i te pahuka. Mena kei te hiahia koe ki te whakawhanake i ngā hua surfactants waikawa amino, ka taea e koe te whakaaro ki te whakamahi i ngā surfactants amphoteric, kore-ionic rānei, he kaha ki te whakau i te pahuka me te pahuka.
Te kauwhata o te kaha pahuka me te kaha pahuka pumau o te matū horoi kotahi:
He aha te mea he surfactant?
Ko te matū horoi he matū kei roto i tōna ngota kotahi te rōpū hononga mata nui (hei whakapūmau i tōna wairewatanga wai i te nuinga o te wā) me tētahi rōpū kore-ira e iti ana te hononga ki a rātou. Ko ngā matū horoi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā matū horoi ionic (tae atu ki ngā matū horoi cationic me ngā matū horoi anionic), ngā matū horoi kore-ionic, me ngā matū horoi amphoteric.
Ko te kaiwhakaoho mata te wāhanga matua mō te hopi horoi pahuka. Ko te whiriwhiri i te kaiwhakaoho mata he pai te mahi ka aromatawaihia mai i ngā āhuatanga e rua, arā, te mahi pahuka me te kaha tango hinu. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, e rua ngā tohu o te ine i te mahi pahuka: te mahi pahuka me te mahi whakau pahuka.
Te ine i ngā āhuatanga pahuka
He aha tā tātou e māharahara ai ki ngā mirumiru?
He tere te pupuhi? He nui te pahuka? Ka roa te pupuhi?
Ka kitea e tātou ngā whakautu mō ēnei pātai i roto i te whakatau me te tātari i ngā rauemi mata.
Ko te tikanga matua o tā mātou whakamātautau ko te whakamahi i ngā taputapu o nāianei, e ai ki te tikanga whakamātautau paerewa ā-motu – te tikanga Ross-Miles (tikanga whakatau pahuka a Roche) hei ako, hei whakatau me te tirotiro i te kaha pahuka me te pumau o te pahuka o ngā surfactants 31 e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te taiwhanga.
Ngā kaupapa whakamātautau: 31 ngā matū horoi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga
Ngā tūemi whakamātautau: te kaha pahuka me te kaha pahuka pumau o ngā momo surfactant rerekē
Tikanga whakamātautau: Whakamātautau pahuka Roth; Tikanga taurangi whakahaere (wairewa kukū ōrite, pāmahana pumau);
Whakarōpūtanga rerekētanga
Te tukatuka raraunga: tuhia te teitei o te pahuka i ngā wā rerekē;
Ko te teitei o te pahuka i te tīmatanga o te 0 meneti ko te kaha pahuka o te tēpu, ka teitei ake te teitei, ka kaha ake te kaha pahuka; I whakaaturia te auau o te pumau o te pahuka i roto i te ahua o ngā tūtohi hanganga teitei pahuka mō te 5 meneti, 10 meneti, 30 meneti, 45 meneti me te 60 meneti. Ka roa ake te wā tiaki pahuka, ka kaha ake te pumau o te pahuka.
I muri i te whakamātautau me te tuhi, ka whakaaturia ōna raraunga penei:
Mā te whakatairite me te whakarōpū, ka taea e tātou te tātari wawe i te kaiwhakaoho mata he pai te kaha ki te pahuka, me te whiwhi hoki i te ture pahuka o te kaiwhakaoho mata: (ps: Nā te mea he rite tonu te rauemi mata mai i ngā kaihanga rerekē, he rerekē hoki te mahi pahuka, whakamahia ngā reta matua rerekē hei tohu i ngā kaihanga rauemi mata rerekē)
① I roto i ngā surfactants, he kaha te kaha o te konutai lauryl glutamate ki te pahuka, ā, he ngoikore te kaha o te disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate ki te pahuka.
② He kaha te kaha o te nuinga o ngā surfactants sulfate, ngā surfactants amphoteric me ngā surfactants kore-ionic ki te whakau i te pahuka, engari he ngoikore te kaha o ngā surfactants waikawa amino ki te whakau i te pahuka. Mena kei te hiahia koe ki te whakawhanake i ngā hua surfactants waikawa amino, ka taea e koe te whakaaro ki te whakamahi i ngā surfactants amphoteric, kore-ionic rānei, he kaha ki te whakau i te pahuka me te pahuka.
Te kauwhata o te kaha pahuka me te kaha pahuka pumau o te matū horoi kotahi:
Konutai lauryl glutamate
Haukinia lauryl sulfate
Kāore he hononga i waenga i te mahi pahuka me te mahi whakapūmau pahuka o te surfactant kotahi, ā, kāore pea te mahi whakapūmau pahuka o te surfactant me te mahi pahuka pai e pai.
Te whakataurite i te pumau o te mirumiru o ngā momo surfactant:
Ps: Te tere whakarerekētanga whanaunga = (teitei o te pahuka i te 0 meneti – teitei o te pahuka i te 60 meneti)/teitei o te pahuka i te 0 meneti
Ngā paearu aromatawai: Ko te nui ake o te tere huringa whanaunga, ko te ngoikore ake o te kaha whakaū mirumiru
Mā te tātari i te tūtohi mirumiru, ka taea te whakatau ko:
① Ko te disodium cocamphoamphodiacetate te mea tino kaha ki te whakau i te pahuka, ko te lauryl hydroxyl sulfobetaine te mea ngoikore rawa atu ki te whakau i te pahuka.
② He pai te kaha o ngā surfactants waikura lauryl sulfate ki te whakau i te pahuka, ā, he rawakore te kaha o ngā surfactants waikawa amino anionic ki te whakau i te pahuka;
Tohutoro hoahoa tātai:
Mai i te mahi a te pahuka me te pumau pahuka o te kaiwhakaoho mata, ka taea te whakatau kāore he ture me te hononga motuhake i waenganui i ngā mea e rua, arā, ko te pai o te pahuka ehara i te mea he pai te pumau pahuka. Nā tēnei, i a mātou e tirotiro ana i ngā rauemi mata o te surfactant, me whakaaro mātou ki te whakamahi i te mahi pai o te surfactant, me te whakakotahitanga tika o ngā momo surfactant, kia whiwhi ai i te mahi pahuka tino pai. I te wa ano, ka whakakotahihia ki ngā surfactants he kaha te tango hinu hei whakatutuki i te pānga horoi o ngā āhuatanga pahuka me te kaha tango hinu.
Whakamātautau mana tango hinu:
Whāinga: Ki te tātari i ngā matū whakaoho mata he kaha ki te tango i ngā pupuhi o te hinu, me te kimi i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka me te kaha tango hinu mā te tātari me te whakatairite.
Ngā paearu aromatawai: I whakaritea e mātou ngā raraunga o ngā pika tae o te kakahu kiriata i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te whakakorenga o te mata whakahohe, i tatauhia te uara haere, ā, i hangaia te taupū mana tango hinu. Ko te teitei ake o te taupū, ko te kaha ake o te mana tango hinu.
Ka kitea mai i ngā raraunga o runga ake nei, i raro i ngā tikanga kua tohua, ko te kaha tango hinu kaha ko te ammonium lauryl sulfate, ā, ko te kaha tango hinu ngoikore ko te rua CMEA;
Ka taea te whakatau mai i ngā raraunga whakamātautau i runga ake nei kāore he hononga tika i waenga i ngā āhuatanga pahuka o te surfactant me tōna kaha tango hinu. Hei tauira, kāore i te pai te mahi pahuka o te ammonium lauryl sulfate me te kaha tango hinu kaha. Heoi, ko te mahi pahuka o te C14-16 olefin sodium sulfonate, he iti nei tōna kaha tango hinu, kei mua tonu.
Nā te aha rā, he aha ai te nui ake o te hinuhinu o tō makawe, te iti iho o te huka? (Ina whakamahia te hopi horoi makawe kotahi).
Ina hoki, he āhuatanga whānui tēnei. Ina horoia ō makawe he hinuhinu ake, ka tere ake te heke o te pahuka. He tikanga tēnei he kino ake te mahi a te pahuka? Arā, ko te pai ake o te mahi a te pahuka, ko te pai ake o te kaha tango hinu?
E mōhio ana tātou mai i ngā raraunga i whiwhihia mai i te whakamātautau, ko te nui o te pahuka me te roa o te pahuka ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga pahuka o te matū horoi tonu, arā, ngā āhuatanga pahuka me ngā āhuatanga pumau pahuka. Kāore te kaha whakakorenga o te matū horoi tonu e ngoikore i te whakaiti i te pahuka. Kua whakamātauhia hoki tēnei i te otinga o te whakatau i te kaha tango hinu o te kaiwhakaoho mata, ko te kaiwhakaoho mata he pai ōna āhuatanga pahuka, kāore pea i te pai te kaha tango hinu, ā, ko te ritenga kē.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea hoki e tātou te whakaatu kāore he hononga tika i waenga i te pahuka me te tango hinu mai i ngā mātāpono mahi rerekē o ngā mea e rua.
Te mahi a te pahuka surfactant:
Ko te pahuka he momo matū hohe mata i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, ko tana mahi matua he whakarato i tētahi wheako whakamarie me te ahuareka ki te tukanga horoi. Whai muri i te horoinga o te hinu, he mahi āwhina anō tēnei, kia kore ai te hinu e noho ngāwari anō i raro i te mahi a te pahuka, kia ngāwari ake ai te horoi atu.
Te kaupapa matua o te whakapūpū me te tango hinu i te surfactant:
Ko te kaha horoi o te matū horoi matū i ahu mai i tōna kaha ki te whakaiti i te taumahatanga i waenganui i te hinu me te wai (te tango hinu), kaua ki tōna kaha ki te whakaiti i te taumahatanga i waenganui i te wai me te hau (te pahuka).
E ai ki tā mātou i kōrero ai i te tīmatanga o tēnei tuhinga, he ngota amphiphilic ngā surfactants, ko tētahi he hydrophilic, ko tētahi he hydrophilic. Nō reira, i ngā kukū iti, ka noho tonu te surfactant ki te mata o te wai, me te pito lipophilic (kino ki te wai) e anga ana ki waho, ka kapi tuatahi i te mata o te wai, arā, te hononga wai-hau, ā, ka whakaitihia te kukū i tēnei hononga.
Heoi, ina nui ake te kukū i tētahi pūwāhi, ka tīmata te surfactant ki te whakapūpū, ka hanga i ngā micelle, ā, kāore e heke te taumahatanga o te mata. Ka kiia tēnei kukū ko te kukū micelle whakahirahira.
He pai te kaha o ngā matū horoi ki te pahuka, e tohu ana he kaha tōna kaha ki te whakaiti i te taumahatanga ā-kanohi i waenga i te wai me te hau, ā, ko te hua o te whakaiti i te taumahatanga ā-kanohi ko te hua o te wai he nui ake ngā mata (he nui ake te horahanga mata katoa o te puranga mirumiru i tō te wai marino).
Ko te kaha o te surfactant ki te whakakore i te poke, kei roto i tōna kaha ki te mākū i te mata o te paru, me te whakaemulsified, arā, ki te "pani" i te hinu, kia taea ai te whakaemulsified me te horoi atu ki te wai.
Nō reira, e hono ana te kaha whakakore para o te surfactant ki tōna kaha ki te whakahohe i te hononga hinu-wai, ko te kaha pahuka he tohu noa iho i tōna kaha ki te whakahohe i te hononga wai-hau, ā, kāore e tino hono ana ngā mea e rua. Hei tāpiri, he maha anō hoki ngā kai horoi kore-huka, pērā i te tango meke me te hinu tango meke e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i tō tātou oranga o ia rā, he kaha anō hoki te kaha whakakore para, engari kāore he pahuka e puta, ā, e mārama ana ehara te pahuka me te whakakore para i te mea kotahi.
Mā te whakatau me te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka o ngā momo matū horoi, ka kitea mārama te matū horoi he pai ake ngā āhuatanga o te pahuka, ā, mā te whakatau me te raupapatanga o te kaha tango hinu o te matū horoi, me tango te kaha parahanga o te matū horoi. Whai muri i tēnei whakakotahitanga, ka whakamahia katoatia ngā painga o ngā momo matū horoi, kia tino oti ake ai, kia tino pai ake ai te mahi a ngā matū horoi, kia whiwhi ai i te pānga horoi me te wheako whakamahinga pai rawa atu. Hei tāpiri, ka kitea anō hoki e mātou mai i te mātāpono mahi o te matū horoi kāore te pahuka e pā tika ana ki te kaha horoi, ā, mā ēnei mōhiotanga ka āwhina i a mātou ki te whai i ō mātou ake whakaaro me te mōhiotanga i te wā e whakamahi ana i te hopi horoi, kia taea ai e mātou te whiriwhiri i te hua e tika ana mō mātou.