Matū me te tukanga mō te tango i te hauota haukini mai i te wai

1. He aha te hauota haukini?

Ko te hauota haukini e pā ana ki te haukini i te āhua o te haukini kore utu (te haukini kore-ionic rānei, NH3) te haukini ionic rānei (NH4+). He nui ake te pH, he nui ake te ōwehenga o te haukini kore utu; engari, he nui te ōwehenga o te tote haukini.

He matūkai te hauota haukini i roto i te wai, ka taea e tēnei te arahi ki te whakamomona o te wai, ā, koinei te parahanga matua e kai ana i te hāora i roto i te wai, he mea paitini ki ngā ika me ētahi rauropi wai.

Ko te pānga kino matua o te hauota haukini ki ngā rauropi wai ko te haukini kore utu, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake tōna paitini i tō te tote haukini, ā, ka piki ake i te pikinga o te kawakore. He hononga tata te paitini o te hauota haukini ki te uara pH me te pāmahana wai o te wai puna kaukau, i te nuinga o te wā, ko te teitei ake o te uara pH me te pāmahana wai, ko te kaha ake o te paitini.

E rua ngā tikanga ine tae aro tata e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakatau i te haukini ko te tikanga matū Nessler tawhito me te tikanga phenol-hypochlorite. E whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki ngā tikanga titrations me ngā tikanga hiko hei whakatau i te haukini; Mēnā he nui te ihirangi hauota haukini, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te tikanga titrating distillation. (Ko ngā paerewa ā-motu ko te tikanga matū Nath, te spectrophotometry waikawa salicylic, te tikanga distillation – titration)

2. Te tukanga tango hauota ā-tinana me te matū

① Tikanga whakatō matū

Ko te tikanga matū whakatō, e mōhiotia ana ko te tikanga MAP whakatō, ko te tāpiri i te konupūmā me te waikawa phosphoric, te hauwai phosphate rānei ki te wai para kei roto te hauota haukini, kia tauhohe ai te NH4+ i roto i te wai para ki te Mg+ me te PO4- i roto i te wai hei whakaputa i te hauota haukini konupūmā, ko te tātai ngota ko MgNH4P04.6H20, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te tango i te hauota haukini. Ko te konupūmā konupūmā haukini, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te struvite, ka taea te whakamahi hei wairākau, hei tāpiri oneone, hei ārai ahi rānei mō te hanga hua hanganga. Ko te whārite tauhohenga penei:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te pānga maimoatanga o te matū whakapūpū ko te uara pH, te pāmahana, te kukū hauota haukini me te ōwehenga molar (n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)). E whakaatu ana ngā hua ina he 10 te uara pH, ā, ko te ōwehenga molar o te konupora, te hauota me te whākōkī he 1.2:1:1.2, ka pai ake te pānga maimoatanga.

Mā te whakamahi i te konupūmā hauota me te disodium hauwai phosphate hei matū whakapūmau, e whakaatu ana ngā hua he pai ake te pānga o te maimoatanga ina he 9.5 te uara pH, ā, ko te ōwehenga molar o te konupūmā, te hauota me te whākōkī he 1.2:1:1.

E whakaatu ana ngā hua he pai ake te MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 i ngā huinga matū whakapakeke kē atu. Ina 10.0 te uara pH, ko te pāmahana he 30℃, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, ka heke te kukū papatipu o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para i muri i te whakaoho mō te 30 meneti mai i te 222mg/L i mua i te maimoatanga ki te 17mg/L, ā, ko te tere tango he 92.3%.

I whakakotahihia te tikanga matū whakatō me te tikanga kiriuhi wai mō te maimoatanga o te wai para hauota haukini ahumahi kukū teitei. I raro i ngā tikanga o te arotautanga o te tukanga whakatō, i eke te tere tango o te hauota haukini ki te 98.1%, ā, i muri mai ka whakaitihia te kukū o te hauota haukini ki te 0.005g/L mā te maimoatanga anō me te tikanga kiriata wai, ā, ka eke ki te paerewa tukunga karaehe tuatahi o te motu.

I tirotirohia te pānga tango o ngā katote konganuku takirua (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) i tua atu i te Mg+ ki te hauota haukini i raro i te mahi a te phosphate. I whakaarohia he tukanga hou o te waihanga CaSO4-MAP mō te wai para haukini. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ka taea te whakakapi i te kaiwhakahaere NaOH tuku iho ki te raima.

Ko te painga o te tikanga matū whakatōtō, ina nui te kukū o te wai para hauota hauota, ka iti te whakamahinga o ētahi atu tikanga, pērā i te tikanga koiora, te tikanga whakakōkō ira pakaru, te tikanga wehenga kiriuhi, te tikanga whakawhiti katote, me ētahi atu. I tēnei wā, ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga matū whakatōtō mō te maimoatanga-mua. He pai ake te whai huatanga o te tikanga matū whakatōtō, ā, kāore e herea e te pāmahana, ā, he māmā noa te whakahaere. Ka taea te whakamahi i te paru whakatōtō kei roto ko te konupūmā ammonia phosphate hei tongi whakakotahi hei whakatutuki i te whakamahinga para, ā, ka whakaiti i tētahi wāhanga o te utu; Ki te taea te whakakotahi me ētahi umanga ahumahi e whakaputa ana i te wai para phosphate me ngā umanga e whakaputa ana i te tote tote, ka taea te penapena i ngā utu rongoā me te whakahaere i te tono nui.

Ko te ngoikoretanga o te tikanga matū whakatōtō, nā te mea he iti te hua wairewa o te haukini konupora phosphate, i muri i te taenga o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para ki tētahi kukū, kāore e kitea te pānga tango, ā, ka nui ake te utu whakauru. Nō reira, me whakamahi te tikanga matū whakatōtō me ētahi atu tikanga e tika ana mō te maimoatanga matatau. He nui te nui o te matū e whakamahia ana, he nui te paru e puta ana, ā, he nui te utu maimoatanga. Ko te whakaurunga o ngā katote kōhao me te whākōkī toenga i te wā e horopeta ana i ngā matū ka ngāwari te hanga parahanga tuarua.

Kaihanga me te Kaiwhakarato Konumohe Whāriki Hokomaha | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Kaihanga me te Kaiwhakarato Phosphate Konutai Dibasic Hokomaha | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

②tikanga pupuhi

Ko te tikanga pupuhi te tango i te hauota haukini mā te tikanga pupuhi hei whakatikatika i te uara pH ki te kawakore, kia huri ai te katote haukini i roto i te wai para ki te haukini, kia noho ai i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te āhua o te haukini kore utu, kātahi ka tangohia te haukini kore utu i roto i te wai para mā te hau kawe, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te tango i te hauota haukini. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te pai o te pupuhi ko te uara pH, te pāmahana, te ōwehenga hau-wai, te tere rere o te hau, te kukū tīmatanga me ētahi atu. I tēnei wā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te tikanga pupuhi i roto i te maimoatanga o te wai para me te kukū teitei o te hauota haukini.

I rangahauhia te tangohanga o te hauota haukini mai i te wai para i roto i te whenua ururua mā te tikanga pupuhi-whakakore. I kitea ko ngā mea matua e whakahaere ana i te whai huatanga o te pupuhi-whakakore ko te pāmahana, te ōwehenga hau-wai me te uara pH. Ina neke atu te pāmahana wai i te 2590, tata ki te 3500 te ōwehenga hau-wai, ā, tata ki te 10.5 te pH, ka taea e te tere tangohanga te eke ki te neke atu i te 90% mō te wai para i roto i te whenua ururua me te kukū hauota haukini tae atu ki te 2000-4000mg/L. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ina pH=11.5, ko te pāmahana tangohanga he 80cC, ā, ko te wā tangohanga he 120min, ka taea e te tere tangohanga o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para te eke ki te 99.2%.

I whakahaerehia te pūwero pupuhi-aukati i te pai o te pupuhi i te wai para hauota haukini kukū teitei. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua i piki ake te pai o te pupuhi i te pikinga o te uara pH. Ko te nui ake o te ōwehenga hau-wai, ko te nui ake o te kaha akiaki o te whakawhiti papatipu tango haukini, ā, ka piki ake hoki te pai o te tango.

He whai hua te tango hauota haukini mā te tikanga pupuhi, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere, ā, he ngāwari hoki ki te whakahaere. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hauota haukini pupuhi hei mimiti me te waikawa whanariki, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te moni waikawa whanariki i hangaia hei tongi. Ko te tikanga pupuhi-whakakore he hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te tango hauota ā-tinana me te matū i tēnei wā. Heoi, he ngoikoretanga kei te tikanga pupuhi-whakakore, pērā i te tauine pinepine i roto i te pourewa pupuhi-whakakore, te iti o te kaha tango hauota haukini i te pāmahana iti, me te parahanga tuarua i puta mai i te hau pupuhi-whakakore. Ko te tikanga pupuhi-whakakore he tikanga whānui e honoa ana me ētahi atu tikanga maimoatanga waipara hauota haukini hei tukatuka i mua i te waipara hauota haukini kukū teitei.

③Te whakapūkara i te pūwāhi pakaru

Ko te tikanga o te tango haukini mā te whakapūkara ira pakaru, ko te tauhohenga o te hau haukini ki te haukini hei whakaputa hau hauota kino, ā, ka mawhiti te N2 ki te āhuarangi, ka haere tonu te pūtake tauhohenga ki te taha matau. Ko te tātai tauhohenga ko:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Ina whakawhitia te hau chlorine ki roto i te wai para ki tētahi wāhi, ka iti te nui o te chlorine kore utu i roto i te wai, ā, ka kore te kukū o te haukini. Ina whiti te nui o te hau chlorine i te wāhi, ka piki ake te nui o te chlorine kore utu i roto i te wai, nō reira, ka kiia te wāhi ko te pūwāhi pakaru, ā, ko te whakachlorine i tēnei āhua ka kiia ko te whakachlorine pūwāhi pakaru.

Ko te tikanga whakapūkara hauota pakaru e whakamahia ana hei rongoā i te wai para keri i muri i te pupuhi hauota haukini, ā, ka pāngia tika te pānga o te maimoatanga e te tukanga pupuhi hauota hauota haukini i mua i te maimoatanga. Ina tangohia te 70% o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para mā te tukanga pupuhi, kātahi ka rongoā mā te whakapūkara hauota pakaru, ko te kukū papatipu o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para he iti iho i te 15mg/L. I tangohia e Zhang Shengli me ētahi atu te wai para hauota haukini whaihanga me te kukū papatipu o te 100mg/L hei kaupapa rangahau, ā, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua rangahau ko ngā āhuatanga matua me ngā āhuatanga tuarua e pā ana ki te tango i te hauota haukini mā te waikura o te konutai hypochlorite ko te ōwehenga nui o te chlorine ki te hauota haukini, te wā tauhohenga, me te uara pH.

He tino pai te tango hauota i te tikanga whakapūkara hauota pakaru, ka taea te tere tango ki te 100%, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te kukū haukini i roto i te wai para ki te kore. He pumau te pānga, kāore e pāngia e te pāmahana; He iti ake ngā taputapu haumi, he tere me te katoa te urupare; He pānga whakahoromata me te patu huakita ki te tinana wai. Ko te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o te tikanga whakapūkara haukini pakaru ko te kukū o te wai para haukini hauota he iti iho i te 40mg/L, nō reira ko te tikanga whakapūkara haukini pakaru te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te maimoatanga matatau o te wai para haukini hauota. He nui te whakaritenga mō te whakamahinga haumaru me te rokiroki, he nui te utu o te maimoatanga, ā, ko ngā hua taha ko ngā chloramine me ngā matū waro whakapūkara ka puta he parahanga tuarua.

④tikanga whakahāora catalytic

Ko te tikanga whakapūngao catalytic mā te mahi a te whakapūngao, i raro i tētahi pāmahana me te pēhanga, mā te whakapūngao hau, ka taea te whakapūngao me te wehewehe i ngā mea waro me te haukini i roto i te paru hei matū kino pēnei i te CO2, N2 me te H2O, hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te purenga.

Ko ngā mea e pā ana ki te pānga o te waikura whakatere ko ngā āhuatanga whakatere, te pāmahana, te wā tauhohenga, te uara pH, te kukū hauota haukini, te pēhanga, te kaha o te whakaoho me ērā atu.

I rangahauhia te tukanga whakahoro o te hauota haukini kua whakaozonatia. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua i te pikinga o te pH, ka puta he momo rauropi HO me te kaha whakakōkī kaha, ā, ka tere ake te tere whakakōkī. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka taea e te ozone te whakakōkī i te hauota haukini ki te nitrite me te nitrite ki te nitrate. Ka heke te kukū o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai i te roanga o te wā, ā, ko te tere tango o te hauota haukini he tata ki te 82%. I whakamahia te CuO-Mn02-Ce02 hei whakakōkī hiato hei rongoā i te wai para haukini haukini. E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakamātautau kua tino pai ake te mahi whakakōkī o te whakakōkī hiato hou kua whakaritea, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga tukanga e tika ana ko te 255℃, 4.2MPa me te pH=10.8. I roto i te rongoā i te wai para haukini haukini me te kukū tīmatanga o te 1023mg/L, ka taea e te tere tango o te hauota haukini te eke ki te 98% i roto i te 150 meneti, ka eke ki te paerewa tukunga tuarua ā-motu (50mg/L).

I tirotirohia te mahi whakaterenga o te kaiwhakaara whakaahua TiO2 tautokona e te zeolite mā te ako i te tere pakaru o te hauota haukini i roto i te otinga waikawa whanariki. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te horopeta tino pai o te kaiwhakaara whakaahua TiO2/zeolite he 1.5g/L, ā, ko te wā tauhohenga he 4h i raro i te hihi ultraviolet. Ka taea e te tere tango o te hauota haukini mai i te wai para te eke ki te 98.92%. I rangahauhia te pānga tango o te rino nui me te hauota nano-kauwae i raro i te hihi ultraviolet ki te hauota phenol me te hauota haukini. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te tere tango o te hauota haukini he 97.5% ina whakamahia te pH=9.0 ki te otinga hauota haukini me te kukū o te 50mg/L, he 7.8% me te 22.5% teitei ake i te rino nui, te hauota Haina anake.

He pai ngā painga o te tikanga whakakōkī whakakorikori, arā, he tere te purenga, he māmā te tukanga, he iti te papa o raro, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei rongoā i ngā wai para hauota haukini kukū-nui. Ko te uauatanga o te tono ko te ārai i te ngaronga o te whakakōkī me te tiaki i ngā taputapu mai i te waikura.

⑤Tikanga whakahāora hikohiko

Ko te tikanga whakahāngaitanga hikohiko e pā ana ki te tikanga tango i ngā poke i roto i te wai mā te whakamahi i te whakahāngaitanga hikohiko me te mahi whakakorikori. Ko ngā mea e awe ana ko te kiato o te iahiko, te tere rere o te wai e tomo mai ana, te wā e puta mai ana me te wā otinga pūwāhi.

I rangahauhia te waikura hiko o te wai para haukini-hauota i roto i te pūtau hiko rere, ko te mea pai ko te hiko whatunga Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2, ā, ko te mea kino ko te hiko whatunga Ti. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ina he 400mg/L te kukū o te katote hauota haukini tuatahi, ko te tere rere o te hauota haukini he 40mg/L, ko te tere rere o te hauota haukini he 600mL/min, ko te kiato o te iahiko he 20mA/cm, ā, ko te wā hiko he 90min, ko te tere tango hauota haukini he 99.37%. E whakaatu ana tēnei he pai te tūponotanga o te waikura hiko o te wai para haukini-hauota haukini.

3. Te tukanga tango hauota matū koiora

①te whakanitirīmi me te whakanitirīmi katoa

Ko te tukanga-katoa o te nitrification me te denitrification he momo tikanga koiora kua roa e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei wā. Ka hurihia te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para ki te hauota mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga pēnei i te nitrification me te denitrification i raro i te mahi a ngā momo moroiti, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te maimoatanga wai para. Me haere te tukanga o te nitrification me te denitrification hei tango i te hauota haukini mā roto i ngā wāhanga e rua:

Tauhohenga whakanitirī: Ka oti te tauhohenga whakanitirī e ngā moroiti ā-autotrophic aerobic. I roto i te āhua ā-erobic, ka whakamahia te hauota kore-waro hei pūtake hauota hei huri i te NH4+ ki te NO2-, kātahi ka waikuratia ki te NO3-. Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga whakanitirī kia rua ngā wāhanga. I te wāhanga tuarua, ka hurihia te nitrite ki te nitrate (NO3-) e ngā huakita whakanitirī, ā, ka hurihia te nitrite ki te nitrate (NO3-) e ngā huakita whakanitirī.

Tauhohenga Denitrification: Ko te tauhohenga Denitrification te tukanga e whakaitihia ai e ngā huakita denitrifying te hauota nitrite me te hauota nitrate ki te hauota hau (N2) i te āhua hypoxia. Ko ngā huakita denitrifying he moroiti heterotrophic, ko te nuinga o ēnei he huakita amphictic. I te āhua hypoxia, ka whakamahia e rātou te hāora i roto i te nitrate hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko me te mea rauropi (te wāhanga BOD i roto i te paru) hei kaituku irahiko hei whakarato pūngao me te waikura me te whakau.

Ko te nuinga o ngā tono hangarau mō te tukanga whakapūngao me te whakapūngao kore-nitrification ko te AO, A2O, te awa whakapūngao, me ētahi atu, he tikanga pakari ake tēnei e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga tango hauota koiora.

He pai ngā painga o te tikanga whakapūmau me te whakawātea i te nitrify, arā, he pumau te pānga, he māmā te whakahaere, kāore he parahanga tuarua, ā, he iti te utu. He ngoikoretanga anō hoki tō tēnei tikanga, pērā i te tāpiri i te pūtake waro ina iti te ōwehenga C/N i roto i te wai para, he tino kaha te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana, he iti te whai huatanga i te pāmahana iti, he whānui te rohe, he nui te hiahia hāora, ā, ko ētahi matū kino pērā i ngā katote konganuku taumaha he pānga pēhi ki ngā moroiti, me tango atu i mua i te whakahaere i te tikanga koiora. Hei tāpiri, ko te kukū nui o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para he pānga aukati anō hoki ki te tukanga whakapūmau. Nō reira, me whakahaere te maimoatanga i mua i te maimoatanga o te wai para hauota haukini kukū teitei kia iti iho i te 500mg/L te kukū o te wai para hauota haukini. He pai te tikanga koiora tuku iho mō te maimoatanga o te wai para hauota haukini kukū iti kei roto ngā mea rauropi, pērā i te wai para kāinga, te wai para matū, me ētahi atu.

②Te whakanitirīmi me te whakanitirīmi i te wā kotahi (SND)

Ina whakahaerehia ngātahitia te nitrification me te denitrification i roto i te tauhohenga kotahi, ka kiia ko te denitrification nakunaku tahi (SND). Ka whakawhāitihia te hāora rewa i roto i te wai para e te tere horapa kia puta ai he rerekētanga hāora rewa i roto i te rohe taiao moroiti i runga i te floc microbial, i te biofilm rānei, ka pai ai te rerekētanga hāora rewa i runga i te mata o waho o te floc microbial, i te biofilm rānei, hei whakatipu me te horapa o ngā huakita nitrifying aerobic me ngā huakita ammonia. Ko te hohonu ake ki roto i te floc, i te membrane rānei, ka iti ake te kukū o te hāora rewa, ka hua ake he rohe anoxic kei reira ngā huakita denitrifying e kaha ake ana. Nō reira ka hangaia he tukanga nakunaku me te denitrification tahi. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te nakunaku me te denitrification tahi ko te uara PH, te pāmahana, te kawakore, te pūtake waro waro, te hāora rewa me te pakeketanga o te paru.

I roto i te awa whakapūngao o Carrousel, i puta te whakapūngao hauota/whakapūngao denitrification i te wā kotahi, ā, i heke haere te kukū o te hāora rewa i waenga i te impeller hau i roto i te awa whakapūngao o Carrousel, ā, he iti iho te hāora rewa i te wāhanga o raro o te awa whakapūngao o Carrousel i tērā o te wāhanga o runga. He tata ōrite te tere o te hanganga me te whakamahinga o te hauota nitrate i ia wāhanga o te awa, ā, he tino iti tonu te kukū o te hauota haukini i roto i te awa, e tohu ana ka puta ngātahi ngā tauhohenga whakapūngao me te whakapūngao denitrification i roto i te awa whakapūngao o Carrousel.

E whakaatu ana te rangahau mō te maimoatanga o te paru o te whare, ko te teitei ake o te CODCr, ko te tino oti o te denitrification me te pai ake o te tango TN. He nui te pānga o te hāora rewa ki te nitrification me te denitrification i te wā kotahi. Ina whakahaeretia te hāora rewa i te 0.5~2mg/L, he pai te pānga tango hauota katoa. I taua wā anō, ka penapenahia te tauhohenga e te tikanga nitrification me te denitrification, ka poto ake te wā tauhohenga, ka iti te whakapaunga pūngao, ka penapenahia te haumi, ā, he ngāwari ki te pupuri i te uara pH kia pumau.

③Te nakunaku poto me te whakakorenga waikawa

I roto i taua tauhohenga, ka whakamahia ngā huakita whakapūnga haukini hei whakapūnga haukini hei nitrite i raro i ngā āhuatanga hauā, kātahi ka tangohia tika te nitrite hei whakaputa hauota me ngā mea rauropi, te pūtake waro o waho rānei hei kaituku irahiko i raro i ngā āhuatanga hypoxia. Ko ngā āhuatanga awe o te whakapūnga haukini me te whakakorenga haukini poto ko te pāmahana, te haukini kore utu, te uara pH me te hāora rewa.

Te pānga o te pāmahana ki te whakapūngao-hauota poto o te wai para o te tāone kāore he wai moana me te wai para o te tāone me te 30% wai moana. E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakamātautau: mō te wai para o te tāone kāore he wai moana, ko te whakanui ake i te pāmahana he pai ki te whakatutuki i te whakapūngao-hauota poto. Ina 30% te ōwehenga o te wai moana i roto i te wai para o te whare, ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakapūngao-hauota poto i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana reo. I whakawhanakehia e te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Delft te tukanga SHARON, ko te whakamahinga o te pāmahana teitei (tata ki te 30-4090) he pai ki te tipu haere o ngā huakita nitrite, kia ngaro ai te whakataetae o ngā huakita nitrite, i te wā e whakahaere ana i te pakeke o te paru hei whakakore i ngā huakita nitrite, kia puta ai te tauhohenga whakapūngao-hauota i te wāhanga nitrite.

I runga i te rerekētanga o te hononga hāora i waenga i ngā huakita nitrite me ngā huakita nitrite, i whakawhanakehia e te Gent Microbial Ecology Laboratory te tukanga OLAND hei whakatutuki i te kohikohinga o te hauota nitrite mā te whakahaere i te hāora rewa hei whakakore i ngā huakita nitrite.

E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakamātautau whakamātautau o te maimoatanga o te wai para i roto i te kōkō mā te whakanitirīmi me te whakanitirīmi i te tawhiti poto, ina ko te kukū o te COD, te hauota haukini, TN me te phenol he 1201.6,510.4,540.1 me te 110.4mg/L, ko te kukū toharite o te COD, te hauota haukini, TN me te phenol he 197.1,14.2,181.5 me te 0.4mg/L. Ko ngā reiti tango e rite ana ko te 83.6%, 97.2%, 66.4% me te 99.6%.

Kāore te tukanga whakapūngao me te whakapūngao poto-wāhanga e haere i te wāhanga nitrate, e penapena ana i te pūtake waro e hiahiatia ana mō te tango hauota koiora. He painga anō tōna mō te wai para hauota haukini me te ōwehenga C/N iti. Ko ngā painga o te whakapūngao me te whakapūngao poto-wāhanga he iti ake te paru, he poto te wā tauhohenga me te penapena i te rahinga o te tauhohenga. Heoi, ko te whakapūngao me te whakapūngao poto-wāhanga he mea nui, he pumau hoki te kohikohinga o te nitrite, nō reira ko te huarahi hei aukati i te mahi a ngā huakita whakapūngao te mea nui.

④ Te whakapūngao haukini anaerobic

Ko te ammoxidation anaerobic he tukanga o te whakakōkī tika o te hauota haukini ki te hauota e ngā huakita autotrophic i raro i te āhua o te hypoxia, me te hauota hauota, te hauota hauota rānei hei kaiwhiwhi irahiko.

I rangahaua ngā pānga o te pāmahana me te PH ki te mahi koiora o te anammoX. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te pāmahana tauhohenga tino pai ko te 30℃ me te uara pH ko te 7.8. I rangahaua te whaihua o te tauhohenga ammoX anaerobic mō te rongoā i te tote nui me te wai para hauota kukū teitei. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te tote nui i aukati i te mahi anammoX, ā, ka taea te whakakore i tēnei aukati. Ko te mahi ammox anaerobic o te paru kāore i whakamātauhia he 67.5% te iti iho i te mahi a te paru whakahaere i raro i te tote o te 30g.L-1(NaC1). Ko te mahi anammoX o te paru kua whakamātauhia he 45.1% te iti iho i te mahi a te mana whakahaere. I te whakawhitia o te paru kua whakamātauhia mai i te taiao tote nui ki te taiao tote iti (kāore he wai tote), ka piki ake te mahi ammoX anaerobic mā te 43.1%. Heoi, ka ngawari te heke o te mahi a te tauhohenga ina rere i te tote nui mō te wā roa.

Ki te whakatauritea ki te tukanga koiora tuku iho, he hangarau tango hauota koiora ohanga ake te ammoX anaerobic, kāore he pūtake waro tāpiri, he iti te hiahia hāora, kāore he hiahia mō ngā matū hei whakakore, ā, he iti ake te hanga paru. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga o te ammox anaerobic ko te puhoi o te tere tauhohenga, he nui te rōrahi o te tauhohenga, ā, kāore te pūtake waro e pai ki te amMOX anaerobic, he mea whai tikanga mō te whakaoti rapanga i te wai para hauota haukini me te ngoikore o te pirau koiora.

4. te tukanga tango hauota me te mimiti

① tikanga wehenga kiriuhi

Ko te tikanga wehewehe membrane he whakamahi i te uruhanga whiriwhiri o te membrane hei wehewehe whiriwhiri i ngā wāhanga o roto i te wai, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te tango hauota haukini. Tae atu ki te osmosis whakamuri, te nanofiltration, te membrane deammoniating me te electrodialysis. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te wehenga membrane ko ngā āhuatanga o te membrane, te pēhanga, te ngaohiko rānei, te uara pH, te pāmahana me te kukū hauota haukini.

E ai ki te kounga wai o te wai para hauota haukini i tukuna e te whare whakarewa oneone onge, i whakahaerehia te whakamātautau osmosis whakamuri me te wai para whaihanga NH4C1 me te NaCI. I kitea i raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, he nui ake te tere tango o te NaCI i te osmosis whakamuri, engari he nui ake te tere whakaputa wai i te NHCl. Ko te tere tango o te NH4C1 he 77.3% i muri i te maimoatanga osmosis whakamuri, ka taea te whakamahi hei maimoatanga o mua i te wai para hauota haukini. Ka taea e te hangarau osmosis whakamuri te penapena pūngao, he pai te pumau o te wera, engari he ngoikore te ātete ki te hauota me te parahanga.

I whakamahia he tukanga wehenga kiriuhi nanofiltration matū koiora hei rongoā i te wai para i roto i te whenua ururua, kia tukuna ai te 85%~90% o te wai uruhanga kia rite ki te paerewa, ā, ko te 0%~15% anake o te wai para me te paru kukū i whakahokia ki te tāke para. I rongoāhia e Ozturki me ētahi atu te wai para i roto i te whenua ururua o Odayeri i Turkey ki te kiriuhi nanofiltration, ā, ko te tere tango o te hauota haukini he tata ki te 72%. Me iti ake te pēhanga o te kiriuhi nanofiltration i te kiriuhi osmosis whakamuri, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere.

Ko te pūnaha kiriuhi tango-haukini te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te maimoatanga o te wai para me te hauota haukini teitei. Ko te hauota haukini i roto i te wai he rite te taurite: NH4- +OH- = NH3 + H2O i te wā e mahi ana, ka rere te wai para kei roto te haukini i roto i te anga o te waeine kiriuhi, ā, ka rere te wai mimiti waikawa i roto i te paipa o te waeine kiriuhi. Ina piki te PH o te wai para, ina piki rānei te pāmahana, ka neke te taurite ki te taha matau, ā, ka huri te ion haukini NH4- hei NH3 hau kore utu. I tēnei wā, ka taea e te NH3 hau te tomo ki te wāhanga wai mimiti waikawa i roto i te paipa mai i te wāhanga wai para i roto i te anga mā roto i ngā pore iti i runga i te mata o te muka tuwhera, ka mimitihia e te otinga waikawa ka huri tonu hei NH4- ionic. Kia mau te PH o te wai para ki runga ake i te 10, me te pāmahana ki runga ake i te 35 °C (i raro iho i te 50 °C), kia noho tonu ai te NH4 i roto i te wāhanga wai para hei NH3 ki te nekehanga o te wāhanga wai mimiti. Nā reira, ka heke haere tonu te kukū o te hauota haukini i te taha waipara. Nā te mea ko te waikawa me te NH4- anake te wāhanga wai mimiti waikawa, ka hangaia he tote haukini tino parakore, ā, ka tae ki tētahi kukū motuhake i muri i te tohanga tonu, ka taea te hangarua. I tētahi taha, mā te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau ka nui ake te tere tango o te hauota haukini i roto i te waipara, ā, i tētahi atu taha, ka taea te whakaiti i te utu whakahaere katoa o te pūnaha maimoatanga waipara.

②Tikanga hiko-ārai

Ko te hiko-whakawhitiwhiti he tikanga tango i ngā totoka rewa mai i ngā wairewa wai mā te whakamahi i te ngaohiko i waenga i ngā takirua kiriuhi. I raro i te mahi a te ngaohiko, ka whakareihia ngā katote haukini me ētahi atu katote i roto i te wai para haukini-hauota mā roto i te kiriuhi i roto i te wai kukū kei roto he haukini, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te tango.

I whakamahia te tikanga hiko-dialysis hei rongoā i ngā wai para kore-oraora me te kukū nui o te hauota haukini, ā, i tutuki ngā hua pai. Mō te wai para haukini 2000-3000mg/L, ka taea e te tere tango o te hauota haukini te neke atu i te 85%, ā, ka taea te whiwhi i te wai haukini kukū mā te 8.9%. Ko te nui o te hiko e pau ana i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te hiko-dialysis he rite ki te nui o te hauota haukini i roto i te wai para. Kāore te maimoatanga hiko-dialysis o te wai para e herea ana e te uara pH, te pāmahana me te pēhanga, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakahaere.

Ko ngā painga o te wehenga kiriuhi he nui te whakahokinga mai o te hauota haukini, he māmā te whakahaere, he pumau te pānga maimoatanga, ā, kāore he parahanga tuarua. Heoi, i roto i te maimoatanga o te wai para hauota haukini kukū-nui, haunga te kiriuhi kua whakakorea te haukini, he ngāwari te whakapūtā me te ārai i ētahi atu kiriuhi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta te whakahou me te horoi anō, ka piki ake te utu maimoatanga. Nō reira, he pai ake tēnei tikanga mō te wai para hauota haukini kukū-iti, i mua rānei.

③ Tikanga whakawhiti katote

Ko te tikanga whakawhiti katote he tikanga hei tango i te hauota haukini mai i te wai para mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi he kaha te mimiti i ngā katote haukini. Ko ngā rauemi mimiti e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te waro whakahohe, te zeolite, te montmorillonite me te kapia whakawhiti. Ko te zeolite he momo silico-aluminate me te hanganga ā-wāhi toru-ahu, he hanganga pūngao rite tonu me ngā kōhao, i roto i ēnei he kaha te mimiti whiriwhiri a te clinoptilolite mō ngā katote haukini me te utu iti, nō reira he mea whakamahi whānuitia hei rauemi mimiti mō te wai para haukini haukini i roto i te hangarau. Ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pānga maimoatanga o te clinoptilolite ko te rahi o te matūriki, te kukū hauota haukini e awe ana, te wā whakapā, te uara pH me ētahi atu.

He mārama te pānga mimiti o te zeolite ki te hauota haukini, ā, muri iho ko te ranite, ā, he ngoikore te pānga o te oneone me te ceramisite. Ko te huarahi matua ki te tango i te hauota haukini mai i te zeolite ko te whakawhiti katote, ā, he iti rawa te pānga mimiti ā-tinana. He rite te pānga whakawhiti katote o te ceramite, te oneone me te ranite ki te pānga mimiti ā-tinana. I heke te kaha mimiti o ngā whakakī e whā me te pikinga o te pāmahana i te awhe o te 15-35℃, ā, i piki ake me te pikinga o te uara pH i te awhe o te 3-9. I tutuki te taurite mimiti i muri i te 6 hāora o te wiri.

I rangahauhia te āheinga o te tango i te hauota haukini mai i te wai rūma ururua mā te mimiti zeolite. E whakaatu ana ngā hua whakamātautau he iti noa te kaha mimiti o ia karamu o te zeolite ki te 15.5mg o te hauota haukini, ina 30-16 mata te rahi o te matūriki zeolite, ka eke te tere tango o te hauota haukini ki te 78.5%, ā, i raro i te wā mimiti, te horopeta me te rahi o te matūriki zeolite, ka teitei ake te kukū o te hauota haukini whai mana, ka teitei ake te tere mimiti, ā, ka taea e te zeolite hei mimiti te tango i te hauota haukini mai i te wai rūma. I taua wā anō, e tohuhia ana he iti te tere mimiti o te hauota haukini e te zeolite, ā, he uaua ki te zeolite te eke ki te kaha mimiti kuaha i roto i te mahi tūturu.

I rangahauhia te pānga o te moenga zeolite koiora ki te hauota, te COD me ētahi atu poke i roto i te paru o te kāinga kua whakatauirahia. E whakaatu ana ngā hua he nui ake i te 95% te tere tango o te hauota haukini e te moenga zeolite koiora, ā, he nui te pānga o te wā noho waipēhi ki te tango o te hauota nitrate.

He iti ngā painga o te tikanga whakawhiti katote, arā, he iti te haumitanga, he māmā te tukanga, he watea te whakahaere, kāore e pāngia e te paitini me te pāmahana, ā, he maha anō hoki ngā whakamahinga o te zeolite mā te whakaora. Heoi, i te wā e tukatukahia ana te wai para hauota hauota nui, he maha tonu te whakaora, ā, he uaua ki te mahi, nō reira me whakakotahi me ētahi atu tikanga maimoatanga hauota hauota, me whakamahi rānei hei rongoā i te wai para hauota hauota iti te kukū.

Kaihanga me te Kaiwhakarato Zeolite 4A Hokomaha | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)