Kāwai me te mahi o ngā āwhina hopi horoi noa

Ka whakarōpūtia ngā tāpiringa hopi horoi ki ngā tāpiringa kore-waro, pērā i te konutai silicate, te konutai carbonate, te konutai sulfate me ētahi atu tote kore-waro; ngā tāpiringa waro, pērā i ngā kaihoko ārai-whakarewa, te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose.

Ko te tāpiri i ngā rauemi āwhina e pā ana ki te horoi i te paru ki te hopi horoi hei whakapai ake i te mahi horoi ka kiia he tāpiri horoi, ā, he wāhanga nui o te hopi horoi ngā tāpiri hopi horoi. Ko ngā mahi matua o ngā tāpiri hopi horoi: tuatahi, he whakangawari i te wai, tuarua he ārai kawakore, ā, i te mutunga, he whakamakuku, he whakaemulsification, he whakatārewatanga me te marara, ko te nuinga hei ārai i te paru kia kore e piri anō ki ngā kākahu me te ārai i te rewa.

He aha ngā tāpiringa matua o te hopi horoi?

Konutai silicate
He mea whakapūmau kawakore, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te karāhe wai, ko te paucine rānei, he mea nui hei tāpiri i te pH hopi whakapūmau kawakore, e 10% ki te 3% o te tāpiritanga ki te paura hopi. Ko te mahi tuatahi ko te whakapūmau pH, te ātete ki te waikura, te whakangawari i te wai; ko te mahi tuarua ko te tiaki i te papanga hei whakapai ake i te horoi; ko te mahi tuatoru ko te whakapai ake i te rere o te paru me te paura; ko te mahi tuawhā, he pānga tahi me ētahi atu āwhina.

konutai kāponāte
I roto i ngā tāpiringa hopi horoi, nō te kaihoko wai ngohengohe, he momo kaihoko wai ngohengohe tēnei, ko te ingoa noa ko te pungarehu houra tunutunu, ā, ko ētahi ingoa noa ko te kawakore horoi, engari ehara i te kawakore, he tote. I roto i te hokohoko o te ao, i ētahi wā ka kiia ko te houra tunutunu, ko te pungarehu kawakore rānei. Ka taea e te konutai kāponāte te whakapai ake i te kawakore, ka taea te whakaputa i te konupūmā kāponāte, te konupūmā rānei hei waihanga i te maturuturunga me ngā katote konupūmā me te konupūmā i roto i te wai, kia whakangawari ai te wai, koinei te wāhanga matua o te hopi horoi kawakore.

4A zeolite
He pai te whakangawari wai momo whakawhiti katote hei āwhina i te whakawhiti katote, e āwhina ana i te whakawhiti katote konupūmā me te konupora, ā, e whakangawari ana hoki i te wai. Nā te mea kāore e wairewa te zeolite i roto i te wai, kia kore ai e noho ki runga i te papanga, me whakarite ētahi whakaritenga mō te rahi o te matūriki o te zeolite 4A. Hei tāpiri, he pai ake te pānga o te whakamahi i te zeolite me te konutai tripolyphosphate i te whakamahi anake. He mahi anō tā te zeolite 4A hei ārai, hei whakamarara, hei ātete hoki i te whakatakotoranga anō.

Konutai citrate
He mea whakangawari wai tēnei hei whakakōkī, ā, ko te konutai citrate noa ko te konutai citrate dihydrate me te konutai citrate pentahydrate. He tino pai te wairewa o ēnei mea, ā, ka taea te hanga i ngā kōkī me ngā iona konupūmā me te konupūmā i roto i te wai hei whakangawari i te wai. He tote turanga kaha waikawa ngoikore te konutai citrate, ā, ka taea e te waikawa citric te hanga i tētahi pūnaha pH kaha hei ārai, i roto i te tukanga horoi ka taea te pupuri i tētahi awhe pH pumau, nō reira i ētahi wā kāore e pai mō te whānuitanga o ngā huringa pH, he tūranga motuhake tō te konutai citrate.

konutai whanariki
Ko te konutai whanariki decahydrate, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te glauberite. He matūriki parakore teitei, he kikokore o te konutai whanariki kore wai, e mōhiotia ana hoki ko te paura konutai. Ko te nui o te konutai whanariki i tāpirihia ki te paura horoi he 20% ki te 60% te teitei, he nui tēnei o ngā tāpiringa paura horoi noa, engari he iti ake tōna pānga i ērā atu tāpiringa. Nā te iti o te utu o te konutai whanariki, i roto i te tukanga whakahāngai hopi, ka pai ake te rere o te hopi, inā koa te mahi a te whakahāngai hopi horoi.

Mā te konutai percarbonate
Ko te konutai percarbonate, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te hauwai peroxide totoka, he matū tāpiri o te hauwai peroxide me te konutai carbonate, e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakama.

Whakangawari wai whakapūkara polycarboxylate
Ko te polycarboxylate, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ao o ngā hopi horoi, he pūhui e rua i hangaia mai i te homopolymer kiriaku me te copolymer waikawa maleic kiriaku. He kaha here pai tēnei momo matū ki ngā katote konupūmā me te konupūmā, he pānga marara mārama ki te konupūmā me te konupūmā kāponāte, he hototahi pai ki ngā wāhanga hopi horoi pēnei i ngā tāpiringa surfactant, ā, he pānga ārai-whakarewa pai.
Ko te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose he ātete-whakapoke anō, kāore he pānga horoi i a ia anō. Ko te mahi matua o te hopi horoi ko te aukati i te paru anō kia rewa, te whakapai ake i te kaha pahuka me te pumau o te pahuka o te hopi horoi, engari he matotoru anō hoki te hua, he pumau te colloidal, he ārai i te wehewehe me ētahi atu mahi matū colloidal.

He whakangawari wai te EDTA
Ko te waikawa EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic he matū matatini nui, e ono ngā ngota taunga, ko te hanganga o te matū matatini e kiia ana ko te chelate. Ka taea e ia te hanga chelate me te konupūmā, te konupora me ētahi atu katote konganuku i roto i te wai hei whakangawari i te wai.

Te uho
He nui te aroha o ngā kaihoko ki te tāpiri i te kakara ki te hopi horoi, ā, mā te tāpiri i te kakara ki te hopi horoi, ehara i te mea ka pai te mahi a te hopi horoi, engari ka puta he kakara hou, he reka hoki i muri i te horoinga o te kakahu, o te makawe rānei. Ko te nui o te kakara e tāpirihia ana ki te hopi horoi he 1% noa iho, engari he rerekē anō hoki te nui o ngā hua rerekē, pērā i te hopi, nā te mea he mahi motuhake, ko te nui o te kakara he 1.0%~2.5%, te hopi horoi kakahu 0.5%~1%, te paura horoi kakahu 0.1%~0.2%, e ai ki ngā hua rerekē. Ko ngā kakara e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te putiputi, te tarutaru, te rakau, me te whakakakara horihori. Me aro ki ngā mea e rua e whai ake nei mō te whakarite i te kakara o te hopi horoi: Tuatahi, te haumaru, hei whakaiti i te pānga kino ki te kiri, te makawe, te kanohi, me te tinana tangata; Tuarua, te pumau, nā te mea he nui ake ngā kai o te hopi horoi, me pupuri tonu te pumau o te hinu i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawakore, kia kore ai e pirau, kia kore ai e memeha, kia kore ai e whai wāhi.